{"id":1205,"date":"2020-07-22T22:55:34","date_gmt":"2020-07-23T06:55:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/?page_id=1205"},"modified":"2021-06-14T14:24:09","modified_gmt":"2021-06-14T22:24:09","slug":"aphids","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/pest-profiles\/aphids\/","title":{"rendered":"Aphids"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>Brevicoryne brassicae<\/em> (cabbage aphid) <\/li><li><em>Myzus persicae<\/em> (green peach aphid)<\/li><li><em>Lipaphis pseudobrassicae<\/em> (turnip aphid)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_3picswm-1.png?resize=389%2C409&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1394\" width=\"389\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_3picswm-1.png?resize=973%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 973w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_3picswm-1.png?resize=285%2C300&amp;ssl=1 285w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_3picswm-1.png?resize=768%2C808&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_3picswm-1.png?w=999&amp;ssl=1 999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 389px) 100vw, 389px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>IDENTIFICATION<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Aphids are very small, soft-bodied pests. They have an oval to tapered body shape and two distinctive cornicles at the posterior end. The cornicles secrete different types of pheromones as well as a waxy substance that deters predators. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wingless cabbage aphids (<em>B. brassicae<\/em>) are nearly completely covered with <strong>grayish-white wax<\/strong>, which can be used as an identifying characteristic. <\/li><li>Wingless green peach aphids (<em>M. persicae<\/em>) are light green. They tend to be less damaging in cole crops, but have a host range of over 300 different plants. <\/li><li>Turnip aphids (<em>L. pseudobrassicae<\/em>) can be a problem in brassica seed crops, collards, and kale. They are also known to feed on cucurbits and solanaceous vegetables.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>LIFECYCLE<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Aphids overwinter as eggs in temperate climates. The rest of the year, they have a unique mode of reproduction that produces winged females (alate) and wingless females (apterae). Immatures are called nymphs and there are multiple overlapping generations per year. Populations usually occur as a mix of nymphs, winged, and wingless forms, as seen in the image below and <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hSBQNvYgfzM\">this video<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/turnipaphid_wmtext.jpg?resize=439%2C296&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1391\" width=\"439\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/turnipaphid_wmtext.jpg?resize=1024%2C691&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/turnipaphid_wmtext.jpg?resize=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/turnipaphid_wmtext.jpg?resize=768%2C518&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/turnipaphid_wmtext.jpg?w=1199&amp;ssl=1 1199w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DAMAGE &amp; <strong>MONITORING<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Aphids feed by <strong>piercing-and-sucking<\/strong>. This can cause localized wilting and yellowing of leaf tissue. Stunting of plants is common when infestations are high. Aphids are <strong>plant disease vectors<\/strong> and can transmit more than 15 important plant viruses, including mosaic viruses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Begin scouting new plantings immediately, because once infestations occur, they are hard to control. <\/li><li>Walk fields and pull 10 leaves from a few different spots, examine<\/li><li><strong>Look on upper and lower leaf surfaces <\/strong>and in leaf folds of developing heads. <\/li><li>Aphids can also occur on stalks and especially in leaf axles.<\/li><li>Note the occurrence of aphid &#8220;<strong>mummies<\/strong>&#8221; &#8211; tan-colored, &#8216;puffy&#8217; shells of an aphid mean that it has been parasitized by a beneficial wasp. If there are more mummies than aphids, it means that natural enemies are abundant and actively working to help control aphid populations; consider this before making a spray application.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-tiled-gallery aligncenter is-style-square\"><div class=\"tiled-gallery__gallery\"><div class=\"tiled-gallery__row columns-2\"><div class=\"tiled-gallery__col\"><figure class=\"tiled-gallery__item\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2020\/07\/CA_scoutwm.png?resize=371%2C371&#038;strip=info&#038;ssl=1 371w\" alt=\"\" data-height=\"371\" data-id=\"1209\" data-link=\"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/pest-profiles\/aphids\/ca_scoutwm\/\" data-url=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2020\/07\/CA_scoutwm.png\" data-width=\"528\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2020\/07\/CA_scoutwm.png?ssl=1&amp;resize=371%2C371\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"tiled-gallery__col\"><figure class=\"tiled-gallery__item\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_mummies_wm.png?resize=600%2C600&#038;strip=info&#038;ssl=1 600w,https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_mummies_wm.png?resize=631%2C631&#038;strip=info&#038;ssl=1 631w\" alt=\"\" data-height=\"633\" data-id=\"1392\" data-link=\"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/pest-profiles\/aphids\/ca_mummies_wm\/\" data-url=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_mummies_wm.png\" data-width=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2021\/06\/CA_mummies_wm.png?ssl=1&amp;resize=631%2C631\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>MANAGEMENT<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Biological<\/strong>: &#8216;Aphid wasps&#8217; are tiny (2-3mm) <strong>parasitoids<\/strong>. When a female wasp lays eggs in the aphid&#8217;s body, larvae hatch and develop inside. The wasp larvae develop inside the aphid, which kills it. You may have seen <strong>aphid &#8220;mummies&#8221;<\/strong> &#8211; this tan-colored papery shell means that a beneficial wasp is developing within the aphid. A hole in the shell means the wasp has completed development and hatched out. Learn to recognize aphid mummies!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>General <strong>predators<\/strong> such as ladybugs, lacewings, and syrphid fly larvae feed on aphids as well. Lacewing larvae are called &#8216;aphid lions&#8217;; estimates suggest that each larvae can consume 200 aphids per week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Green lacewing larvae sometimes cover themselves with debris and are called &#8216;trashbugs&#8217; &#8211; how fun would it be to see this ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"770\" height=\"358\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2020\/07\/CA_biocxlwm.png?resize=770%2C358&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2020\/07\/CA_biocxlwm.png?w=964&amp;ssl=1 964w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2020\/07\/CA_biocxlwm.png?resize=300%2C139&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/2847\/files\/2020\/07\/CA_biocxlwm.png?resize=768%2C357&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption>Beneficial green lacewings (a., &#8220;aphid lions&#8221;) and parasitoid wasps (b., &#8220;aphid wasps&#8221;) help regulate pest outbreaks. Recognizing natural enemies during field scouting is key.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cultural<\/strong>: Insecticidal soaps can be effective and should be timed accordingly to prevent damage to beneficial insects. Dislodging aphids with a strong stream of water can be useful in gardens. Crop rotation and removing debris post-season are both important strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Chemical<\/strong>: Insecticides are important tools for commercial growers. Common options include cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniloprole, and spirotetramat. <strong>Surfactants must be used<\/strong> due to the waxy nature of both the pest and the crop hosts.<em> <\/em><strong><em>Bt<\/em> is ineffective on aphids<\/strong>, but using it for other brassica pests early in the season can help preserve natural enemies, which then persist to help control aphids. For more information, consult the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/insect\/vegetable\/vegetable-pests\/hosts-pests\/broccoli-brussels-sprout-cabbage-cauliflower-aphid\" target=\"_blank\">PNW Insect Management Handbook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>REFERENCES:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>1.<strong> <\/strong>Jahan, Fatemeh et al. 2014. \u201cBiology and life table parameters of <em>Brevicoryne brassicae<\/em> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cauliflower cultivars.\u201d <em>Journal of insect science<\/em> vol. 14 284. doi:10.1093\/jisesa\/ieu146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. University of Minnesota <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vegedge.umn.edu\/pest-profiles\/pests\/cabbage-aphids\">factsheet<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. CABI <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.plantwise.org\/KnowledgeBank\/factsheetforfarmers\/20137804481\" target=\"_blank\">factsheet for farmers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/341669232_Diversity_of_Aphid_Pests_Homoptera_Aphididae_and_their_Natural_Bio-Control_Agents_in_Vegetable_Crop_Ecosystems_of_Jammu_Kashmir_India\">Review article<\/a> of aphids in vegetable crops in India &#8211; new (2020)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Brevicoryne brassicae (cabbage aphid) Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (turnip aphid) IDENTIFICATION Aphids are very small, soft-bodied pests. They have an oval to tapered body shape and two distinctive cornicles at the posterior end. The cornicles secrete different types of pheromones as well as a waxy substance that deters predators. Wingless cabbage aphids&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/pest-profiles\/aphids\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8003,"featured_media":1391,"parent":8,"menu_order":-16,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1205","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P8vBJ4-jr","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8003"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1205"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1395,"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1205\/revisions\/1395"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agsci-labs.oregonstate.edu\/vegnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}